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우리 발 아래 숨겨진 세상

우리 발 아래 숨겨진 세상

남반구에서 발생한 지진의 지진파는 지구의 CMB를 따라 ULVZ 구조를 샘플링하고 남극 대륙의 센서에 의해 기록됩니다. 출처: Edward Garnero 및 Mingming Li, 애리조나 주립대학교

앨라배마 대학(University of Alabama)의 연구원들은 지진 영상을 사용하여 지구의 핵과 맨틀 사이에 있는 고대 해저 또는 초저속대(ULVZ)의 조밀한 층을 발견했습니다. 이 지하 “산”은 행성의 핵과 자기장에서 열이 빠져나가는 데 중요한 역할을 할 수 있습니다.

4월 5일에 발표된 연구 결과에 따르면, 지구 내부의 지구 규모 지진 이미징을 통해 앨라배마 대학이 이끄는 연구에서 핵과 맨틀 사이의 밀도가 높고 얇으며 가라앉는 해저일 가능성이 있는 층을 밝혀냈습니다. 저널 지구.

Seen only in isolated patches previously, the latest data suggests this layer of ancient ocean floor may cover the core-mantle boundary. Subducted underground long ago as the Earth’s plates shifted, this ultra-low velocity zone, or ULVZ, is denser than the rest of the deep mantle, slowing seismic waves reverberating beneath the surface.

“Seismic investigations, such as ours, provide the highest resolution imaging of the interior structure of our planet, and we are finding that this structure is vastly more complicated than once thought,” said Dr. Samantha Hansen, the George Lindahl III Endowed Professor in geological sciences at UA and lead author of the study. “Our research provides important connections between shallow and deep Earth structure and the overall processes driving our planet.”

Along with Hansen, co-authors on the paper include Drs. Edward Garnero, Mingming Li, and Sang-Heon Shim from Arizona State University and Dr. Sebastian Rost from the University of Leeds in the United Kingdom.

Roughly 2,000 miles below the surface, Earth’s rocky mantle meets the molten, metallic outer core. The changes in physical properties across this boundary are greater than those between the solid rock on the surface and the air above it.

Seismic Equipment Antarctic Station

Researchers lower seismic equipment into place at one of the Antarctic stations in 2012. Credit: Lindsey Kenyon

Understanding the composition of the core-mantle boundary on a large scale is difficult, but a seismic network deployed by Hansen, her students, and others during four trips to Antarctica collected data for three years. Similar to a medical scan of the body, the 15 stations in the network buried in Antarctica used seismic waves created by earthquakes from around the globe to create an image of the Earth below.

The project was able to probe in high-resolution a large portion of the southern hemisphere for the first time using a detailed method that examines sound wave echoes from the core-mantle boundary. Hansen and the international team identified unexpected energy in the seismic data that arrives within several seconds of the boundary-reflected wave.

These subtle signals were used to map a variable layer of material across the study region that is pencil thin, measuring in the tens of kilometers, compared to the thickness of the Earth’s dominant layers. The properties of the anomalous core-mantle boundary coating include strong wave speed reductions, leading to the name of ultra-low velocity zone.

ULVZs can be well explained by former oceanic seafloors that sunk to the core-mantle boundary. Oceanic material is carried into the interior of the planet where two tectonic plates meet and one dives beneath the other, known as subduction zones. Accumulations of subducted oceanic material collect along the core-mantle boundary and are pushed by the slowly flowing rock in the mantle over geologic time. The distribution and variability of such material explains the range of observed ULVZ properties.

The ULVZs can be thought of as mountains along the core-mantle boundary, with heights ranging from less than about 3 miles to more than 25 miles.

“Analyzing thousands of seismic recordings from Antarctica, our high-definition imaging method found thin anomalous zones of material at the CMB everywhere we probed,” said Garnero. “The material’s thickness varies from a few kilometers to 10’s of kilometers. This suggests we are seeing mountains on the core, in some places up to 5 times taller than Mt. Everest.”

These underground “mountains” may play an important role in how heat escapes from the core, the portion of the planet that powers the magnetic field. Material from the ancient ocean floors can also become entrained in mantle plumes, or hot spots, that travel back to the surface through volcanic eruptions.

Reference: “Globally distributed subducted materials along the Earth’s core-mantle boundary: Implications for ultralow velocity zones” by Samantha E. Hansen, Edward J. Garnero, Mingming Li, Sang-Heon Shim and Sebastian Rost, 5 April 2023, Science Advances.
DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.add4838