보이지 않는 신생 행성은 젊은 별 주위의 먼지를 휘저어
우리의 세상은 너무 변덕스러워 때때로 숨바꼭질을 좋아합니다. 2017년 천문학자들은 근처의 젊은 별 TW Hydrae를 둘러싼 먼지와 가스 원반을 뒤덮고 있는 거대한 그림자를 보고 놀랐습니다. 그림자는 외부 원반의 평면에 대해 약간 기울어진 먼지와 가스의 내부 원반에 의해 드리워집니다. 그림자는 시스템이 지구에서 정면으로 기울어져 있기 때문에 천문학자들에게 그림자가 시계에서 손이 움직이는 것처럼 디스크 주위를 돌면서 디스크의 조감도를 제공하기 때문에 명확하게 볼 수 있습니다.
그러나 시계에는 서로 다른 속도로 스위프하는 두 개의 바늘(시간 및 분)이 있습니다. 그리고 TW Hydrae도 마찬가지입니다. 천문학자들은 허블 망원경을 사용하여 두 개의 외부 원반 쪽으로 기울어진 또 다른 내부 원반에서 나타나는 두 번째 그림자를 찾았습니다. 따라서 시스템은 적어도 3개의 겹치는 디스크가 서로에 대해 약간 기울어져 점점 더 복잡해집니다. 디스크는 별 주변의 보이지 않는 행성에 대한 프록시입니다. 각 행성은 중력으로 별 근처의 물질을 끌어당기고 행성이 없다면 완벽하게 평평한 팬케이크 모양의 디스크를 변형시킵니다. 이것은 우리 태양계의 행성들이 서로 몇 도 정도 경사가 다른 궤도면을 가지고 있기 때문에 놀라운 일이 아닙니다. TW Hydrae는 천문학자들에게 우리 태양계가 형성되는 동안 어떤 모습이었는지 볼 수 있는 링사이드 좌석을 제공합니다.
허블 우주 망원경은 행성 형성 디스크 주변의 그림자 놀이를 따릅니다.
젊은 스타 TW Hydrae는 그를 지켜보는 과학자들과 함께 “그림자 인형극”을 연기합니다.[{” attribute=””>NASA’s Hubble Space Telescope.
In 2017, astronomers reported discovering a shadow sweeping across the face of a vast pancake-shaped gas-and-dust disk surrounding the red dwarf star. The shadow isn’t from a planet, but from an inner disk slightly inclined relative to the much larger outer disk – causing it to cast a shadow. One explanation is that an unseen planet’s gravity is pulling dust and gas into the planet’s inclined orbit.
Now, a second shadow – playing a game of peek-a-boo – has emerged in just a few years between observations stored in Hubble’s MAST archive. This could be from yet another disk nestled inside the system. The two disks are likely evidence of a pair of planets under construction.
TW Hydrae is less than 10 million years old and resides about 200 light-years away. In its infancy, our solar system may have resembled the TW Hydrae system, some 4.6 billion years ago. Because the TW Hydrae system is tilted nearly face-on to our view from Earth, it is an optimum target for getting a bull’s-eye-view of a planetary construction yard.
The second shadow was discovered in observations obtained on June 6, 2021, as part of a multi-year program designed to track the shadows in circumstellar disks. John Debes of AURA/STScI for the European Space Agency at the Space Telescope Science Institute in Baltimore, Maryland, compared the TW Hydrae disk to Hubble observations made several years ago.
“We found out that the shadow had done something completely different,” said Debes, who is principal investigator and lead author of the study published in The Astrophysical Journal. “When I first looked at the data, I thought something had gone wrong with the observation because it wasn’t what I was expecting. I was flummoxed at first, and all my collaborators were like: what is going on? We really had to scratch our heads and it took us a while to actually figure out an explanation.”
The best solution the team came up with is that there are two misaligned disks casting shadows. They were so close to each other in the earlier observation they were missed. Over time they’ve now separated and split into two shadows. “We’ve never really seen this before on a protoplanetary disk. It makes the system much more complex than we originally thought,” he said.
The simplest explanation is that the misaligned disks are likely caused by the gravitational pull of two planets in slightly different orbital planes. Hubble is piecing together a holistic view of the architecture of the system.
The disks may be proxies for planets that are lapping each other as they whirl around the star. It’s sort of like spinning two vinyl phonograph records at slightly different speeds. Sometimes labels will match up but then one gets ahead of the other.
“It does suggest that the two planets have to be fairly close to each other. If one was moving much faster than the other, this would have been noticed in earlier observations. It’s like two race cars that are close to each other, but one slowly overtakes and laps the other,” said Debes.
The suspected planets are located in a region roughly the distance of Jupiter from our Sun. And, the shadows complete one rotation around the star about every 15 years – the orbital period that would be expected at that distance from the star.
Also, these two inner disks are inclined about five to seven degrees relative to the plane of the outer disk. This is comparable to the range of orbital inclinations inside our solar system. “This is right in line with typical solar system style architecture,” said Debes.
The outer disk that the shadows are falling on may extend as far as several times the radius of our solar system’s Kuiper belt. This larger disk has a curious gap at twice Pluto’s average distance from the Sun. This might be evidence for a third planet in the system.
Any inner planets would be difficult to detect because their light would be lost in the glare of the star. Also, dust in the system would dim their reflected light. ESA’s Gaia space observatory may be able to measure a wobble in the star if Jupiter-mass planets are tugging on it, but this would take years given the long orbital periods.
The TW Hydrae data are from Hubble’s Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph. The James Webb Space Telescope’s infrared vision may also be able to show the shadows in more detail.
Reference: “The Surprising Evolution of the Shadow on the TW Hya Disk” by John Debes, Rebecca Nealon, Richard Alexander, Alycia J. Weinberger, Schuyler Grace Wolff, Dean Hines, Joel Kastner, Hannah Jang-Condell, Christophe Pinte, Peter Plavchan and Laurent Pueyo, 4 May 2023, The Astrophysical Journal.
DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/acbdf1
The Hubble Space Telescope is a project of international cooperation between NASA and ESA. NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland, manages the telescope. The Space Telescope Science Institute (STScI) in Baltimore conducts Hubble science operations. STScI is operated for NASA by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, in Washington, D.C.
“음악 팬. 매우 겸손한 탐험가. 분석가. 여행 괴짜. 익스트림 TV 전문가. 게이머.”
More Stories
Legionnaires는 이 특별한 럭셔리 기능과 연결된 두 개의 별도 크루즈를 타고 출발합니다.
120년의 성장 끝에 일본 대나무가 이제 막 꽃을 피우고 있는 것이 문제다.
SpaceX, 10월 30일 캘리포니아에서 20개의 Starlink 인터넷 위성 발사